Li Hydropower To Mineral Resources

Hydropower History




The world ' s predicted geological reserves of minerals exceed 12, 5 trillion tons. At the current level, these resources should be produced for 1,000 years. These stocks consist of coal (up to 60 per cent), oil and gas (approximately 27 per cent), and solar and peat. Coal among fuel and energy resources is the world ' s largest reserves. World diffused stocks of stone and brown coal are more than 5 trillion tons, and credible about 1, 8 trillion tons. Coal resources are scattered in 75 countries around the world. The largest coal deposits are concentrated in the US (445 billion tons), China (272), Russia (200), South Africa (130), Germany (100), Australia (90), Great Britain (50), Canada (50), India (29) and Poland (25 billion tons). In general, global coal resources are strong and much more secure than other fuels. At the current level of global coal production (4,5 billion tons per year), the reserves that have been distributed to date may be approximately 400 years. In Europe, as well as in many of Russia ' s coal basins, the upper layers of the deposits have already been developed, and coal from a depth of more than 1,000 metres is not cost-effective under current technology and technology. The development of open-source coal-fired meals (U.S. West Basin, Eastern Siberia, SAAR, Australia) remains a success. For example, 1 tons of antracyte in Germany is three times more expensive than imports from SAAR, including delivery costs. The oil reserves recovered at the end of the 1990s were estimated at 270 to 300 billion tons (estimated 840 billion tons). There has been a recent trend towards an increase in reliable oil reserves: if they were estimated at about 80 billion tons at the beginning of the 1980s, 139, 7 billion tons as at 1 January 1998. In addition, oil projections from non-conventional sources - burning slans and beef sands - amount to 750 billion tons. World oil reserves are distributed in the following manner (data for 1998), per cent: Saudi Arabia 25, 4; Iraq-11; OAE 9, 4; Kuwait-9, 3; Iran 9, 1; Venezuela 6, 8; Russia 4, 8; China - 2, 4; USA - 2, 4. The world economy ' s availability of oil reserves at the current production level (about 3 billion tons per year) is 45 years. At the same time, OPEC member countries can maintain their current oil production for 85 years, including Saudi Arabia for about 90 years, Kuwait and OAE for about 90 years. ♪